Background:
Fluorescein belongs to a class of fluorescent chemical compounds known as small-molecule fluorophores. A synthetic compound, fluorescein emits a bright yellow-green fluorescence under blue light. With fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, fluorophores are often used to tag and visualize cellular structures in living organisms.
Fluorescein was first synthesized by German chemist Adolf van Baeyer, fusing phthalic anhydride and resorcinol in the presence of an acid catalyst. Since then, fluorescein and rhodamine, both xanthene dyes, have become some of the most widely-used fluorophores in research.
Fig. 1. Xanthene derivatives (Lavis, 2017).
Fluorescein has an emission maximum of 510 nm and fluorescence quantum yield of 0.86.
FITC Applications:
FITC is one of its many derivatives, in addition to fluorescein succinimidyl ester, that can be covalently attached to various molecules. Its large fluorescence quantum yield (brightness) and high photostability (resistance to chemical degradation when exposed to light) makes it a very common dye used in research applications.
The isothiocyanate group (-N=C=S) readily reacts with primary amines (-NH2), sulfhydryls (-SH), and nucleophiles that can be conjugated to amino acids and proteins.
Medical uses include topical application to the eye to highlight corneal damage and fluorescein angiography, an intravenous injection allowing doctors to map blood flow and vascular abnormalities.
Fluorescein is susceptible to photobleaching, or fading, under bright light, and can be heavily influenced by pH.
References:
Lavis, L. D. (2017). Teaching old dyes new tricks: biological probes built from fluoresceins and rhodamines. Annual review of biochemistry, 86(1), 825-843.
Sjöback, R., Nygren, J., & Kubista, M. (1995). Absorption and fluorescence properties of fluorescein. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 51(6), L7-L21.
https://www.opsweb.org/page/FA
Explore Click Bioprobe’s fluorescent products:
| Cat# | Name | Price | Stock status | Buy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CB-0018 | CBA (Carbonylacrylic) Cy3 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| CB-0019 | Carbonylacrylic Cy5 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| CB-0020 | Carbonylacrylic Cy5.5 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| CB-0021 | Carbonylacrylic Alexa Fluor 680 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| CB-0022 | CBA-Alexa Fluor 647 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| CB-0023 | Carbonylacrylic Alexa Fluor 488 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| CB-0016 | CBA Carbonylacrylic FITC | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| CB-0017 | Carbonylacrylic(CBA) Rhodamine | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| NB-0018 | Norbornene(NBE) Cy3 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| NB-0019 | Norbornene(NBE) Cy5 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| NB-0020 | Norbornene (NBE) Cy5.5 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| NB-0021 | Norbornene (NBE) Alexa Fluor 680 | $145.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $145.00 |
| NB-0022 | Norbornene (NBE) Alexa Fluor 647 | $185.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $185.00 |
| NB-0023 | Norbornene (NBE) Alexa Fluor 488 | $165.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $165.00 |
| NB-0016 | Norbornene(NBE) FITC | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| NB-0017 | Norbornene(NBE) Rhodamine | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AK-0021 | Alkyne Alexa Fluor 680 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AK-0022 | Alkyne Alexa Fluor 647 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AK-0023 | Alkyne Alexa Fluor 488 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AK-0016 | Alkyne FITC | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AK-0017 | Alkyne Rhodamine | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AK-0018 | Alkyne Cy3 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AK-0019 | Alkyne Cy5 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AK-0020 | Alkyne Cy5.5 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AZ-0060 | Azide-Cy5-labeled | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AZ-0065 | Azide Cy5.5 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AZ-0066 | Azide Alexa Fluor 680 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AZ-0067 | Azide Alexa Fluor 647 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AZ-0068 | Azide Alexa Fluor 488 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AZ-0045 | Azide FITC | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AZ-0050 | Azide Rhodamine | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| AZ-0055 | Azide Cy3 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| DB-0021 | DBCO Alexa Fluor 488 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| DB-0020 | DBCO Alexa Fluor 647 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| DB-0019 | DBCO Alexa Fluor 680 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| DB-0018 | DBCO Cy5.5 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| DB-0017 | DBCO Cy5 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| DB-0016 | DBCO Cy3 | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| DB-0015 | DBCO Rhodamine | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
| DB-0014 | DBCO FITC | $284.00 | In stock | Add to cart This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page $284.00 |
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